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Eolian and hydrologic dispersal of mine tailings is highly destructive to the health of surrounding ecosystems, watersheds, and subsequent local populations. The objective of the study was to examine cost effective methods to reclaim these increasingly common mining wastes in a manner which moves through productive stages while building towards a state of climax or historic ecological communities. Using soils collected from mine tailings local to...
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The purpose of this study was to examine EMG activity in the quadriceps at varying speeds when different weights are used as resistance. The two hypotheses tested state that there will be no difference in the EMG readings between tests of constant velocity when the resistance due to increased mass is high versus when the resistance is at a low level of mass and that there will be no difference in EMG readings or torque exhibited at each velocity....
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In some semi-arid regions, including the Rocky Mountains of western Colorado, climate change is predicted to cause a decrease in annual precipitation and increased temperatures. Climatic variations, including soil moisture availability, could have adverse effects on plant and pollinator communities. During the summer 2013 at the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Gothic, Colorado, I investigated the effects of soil moisture availability on nectar...
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The translation of the Human T-cell Lymphoma Virus Type-I (HTLV-1) pol gene is dependent on a programmed -1 ribosomal frameshift. The HTLV-1 frameshift site consists of a heptanucleotide slippery sequence (UUUAAAC) followed by a spacer region and a downstream pseudoknot. During translation, the pseudoknot is thought to pause the ribosome over the slippery sequence. At that time, the tRNAs can repair in the -1 reading frame. This study focuses on investigating...
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Ribosomal frameshifting is defined as a shift in reading frame. During translation, a ribosomal frameshift (FS) can occur when the ribosome encounters a slippery sequence followed by a stable secondary structure. A slippery sequence specifically allows for the opportunity for tRNA repainring with the codons in the A- and P- sites of the ribosome. Retroviruses include programmed ribosomal frameshift (PRF) sites within their RNA, which increase viral...
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The Endangered Species Act (ESA) is one of the most recognizable pieces of environmental policy. Despite the Act's widespread reach, many species are still facing the threat of extinction, particularly due to development. One out of every three endangered species in the United States faces extinction due to urban development. This project examines the Florida panther (Puma concolor), coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), and Navasota ladies tresses...
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Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus that targets CD+ T-cells in humans. Within its RNA genome, it has two open reading frames that are only accessed through programmed ribosomal frameshifting (PRF). PRF is defined by a directed change to the ribosome's reading frame during the process of translation. Each PRF sites consist of two RNA elements: a heptanucleotide slippery sequence followed by a downstream...
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Bacterially contaminated water is a common source of infection in developing countries for various diarrheal diseases which infect millions annually. Therefore water filtration that is both cheap and effective has recently gained attention for its importance in preventing these diseases. The purpose of this study was to examine how effective homemade ceramic filters and sari cloth might be at removing bacteria. The study uses E. coli specifically...
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The aim of this study was to examine the effects of a specific glycemic index (GI) diet on performance in competitive cyclists. Several studies have shown that different meals of varying glycemic indexes can affect performance, but no there are no studies that examine performance using long-term GI regulated diet. Twelve subjects (9 males, 3 females) were randomly assigned to either a control group or an experimental group. Subjects were tested using...
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A portion of the contact between the 1.8 Ga Irving Formation and the younger Vallecito Conglomerate, including the Fall Creek Conglomerate, is recognized as a fault (Gonzales, 1988). However, previous studies have found conflicting evidence for its shear sense: Gonzales (1988) found outcrop-scale evidence for west-side-up shear, whereas Zinsser (2006) found thin-section-scale evidence for east-side-up shear. In order to resolve these conflicting observations,...
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The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of elliptical versus treadmill running machines and their effects on one mile race times. Subjects were apparently healthy individuals with previous history of running, both male and female ages 20-65 years of age. Participants were separated into three sub-groups, assigned a four week exercise program of three times per week for thirty minutes, and were pre and post tested using digital stopwatches...
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Several years ago my grandmother gave my father an old picture of several children and an older gentleman posed in front of a building. Looking at the photo, many questions raced through my mind. Upon the first round of informal questioning about the picture I realized that the photo was taken in front of an old one-room schoolhouse in the Walnut Creek area northwest of Prescott, Arizona. What makes this photo significant to my family and myself is...
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The practice of tattooing has often been met with a reaction of certain stigma from the Western perspective. The objective of this study is to illustrate a redefinition of the meaning of tattoo in an early 21st century global society. The information presented seeks to challenge the perceptions of tattooing in Western culture as a deviant practice and lead the observer to an understanding of a normative ritual based in cultures on every continent...
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There are many well tested and widely used techniques for determination of age-at-death of human skeletal remains. Dental development, morphology of the pubic symphysis, and cranial suture progression are all trusted techniques, either on their own or in combination, in making such determinations. Despite the apparent abundance of ways in which determine age-at-death, there is still considerable interest and research in developing more methods based...
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Quinoa, a pseudocereal traditionally cultivated in the Andean highlands of South America, has gained recent global recognition for its high nutritional content and ability to grow in areas characterized by low precipitation and poor soil quality. Keen to health food circles in North America and Europe, demand for this super food has skyrocketed in recent years. While some producers of this lucrative crop are experiencing increased profits from the...
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Using a helmet during high-risk activities is one way to prevent traumatic brain injuries. Because helmets play such a vital role in protection, it is important that their quality is improved where possible. The purpose of this project is to design an apparatus that is capable of testing helmets to aid in the research of helmet design. This apparatus will simulate impact conditions to which different kinds of helmets are exposed. It will also record...
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In this study I examine the causes of a national curation crisis that results, among other things, in the inability to care well for artifact collections, particularly in college and university museum repositories. The research I conducted was based on two sets of data. First, I conducted a survey-based pilot study given to staff associated with collection management at other institutions. Second, I conducted a participant observation-based case study...
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In the prehistoric Southwest, subsistence practices connect the exploitation of natural resources with the production of food and commodities. To recognize the importance of Zea mays, Phaseolus, and Cucurbita (corn, beans and squash) to subsistence, this paper explores wild and domesticated plants used during the 12th and 13th century occupations of Aztec Ruins. Research carried out on experimental plots starting in September 2013 was designed to...
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Histological studies of bone represent an effective means of reconstructing health and estimating age in ancient populations through the analysis of the frequencies and sizes of discrete remodeling events. Although secondary osteons have been studied extensively, drifting and double zonal osteons are atypical osteons that are not entirely understood. Previous research suggests that drifting osteons may be related to age and double zonal osteons may...
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Human T-cell leukemia Virus Type I (HTLV-1) was the first identified human retrovirus, identified in 1980. Infection with HTLV-1 results in adult T-cell leukemia with 5-10% incidence. An estimated 15-20 million individuals worldwide are infected with HTLV. Replication of retroviruses, such as HTLV, is dependent upon synthesis of viral structural and enzymatic proteins. Synthesis of HTLV's enzymatic proteins (Protease (PR), Reverse Transcriptase (RT),...
